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Gustave Caillebotte (French: [ɡystav kɑjbɔt]; 19 August 1848 – 21 February 1894) was a French painter, member and patron of the artists known as Impressionists, although he painted in a much more realistic manner than many others in the group. Caillebotte was noted for his early interest in photography as an art form.
Gustave Caillebotte was born on 19 August 1848 to an upper-class Parisian family living in the rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis. His father, Martial Caillebotte (1799–1874), was the inheritor of the family's military textile business and was also a judge at the Seine department's Tribunal de commerce. Caillebotte's father was twice widowed before marrying Caillebotte's mother, Céleste Daufresne (1819–1878), who had two more sons after Gustave: René (1851–1876) and Martial (1853–1910). Caillebotte was born at home on rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis in Paris, and lived there until 1866, when his father had a home built on 77 rue de Miromesnil. Beginning in 1860, the Caillebotte family began spending many of their summers in Yerres, a town on the Yerres River about 12 miles (20 km) south of Paris, where Martial Caillebotte, Sr. had purchased a large property. It probably was around this time that Caillebotte began to draw and paint.
Caillebotte earned a law degree in 1868 and a license to practice law in 1870, and he also was an engineer. Shortly after his education, he was drafted to fight in the Franco-Prussian war, and served from July 1870 to March 1871 in the Garde Nationale Mobile de la Seine.
After the war, Caillebotte began visiting the studio of painter Léon Bonnat, where he began to study painting seriously. He developed an accomplished style in a relatively short time and had his first studio in his parents' home. In 1873, Caillebotte entered the École des Beaux-Arts, but apparently did not spend much time there. He inherited his father's fortune in 1874 and the surviving sons divided the family fortune after their mother's death in 1878. Around 1874, Caillebotte met and befriended several artists working outside the Académie des Beaux-Arts, including Edgar Degas and Giuseppe de Nittis, and he attended (but did not participate in) the first Impressionist exhibition of 1874.
The "Impressionists" – also called the "Independents", "Intransigents", and "Intentionalists" – had broken away from the academic painters showing in the annual Salons. Caillebotte made his debut in the second Impressionist exhibition in 1876, showing eight paintings, including, Les raboteurs de parquet (The Floor Scrapers) (1875), his earliest masterpiece. Its subject matter, the depiction of labourers preparing a wooden floor (thought to have been that of the artist's own studio) was considered "vulgar" by some critics and this is the probable reason for its rejection by the Salon of 1875. At the time, the art establishment deemed only rustic peasants or farmers acceptable subjects from the working class. The painting is now at the Musée d'Orsay. A second version, in a more realistic style resembling that of Degas, also was exhibited, demonstrating Caillebotte's range of technique and his adept restatement of the same subject matter.
With regard to the composition and painting style of his works, Caillebotte may be considered part of the first movement after Impressionism: Neo-Impressionism. The second period of Pointillism, whose main representative was Georges Seurat, announced its influence in the late works that Caillebotte painted at his country house in Petit Gennevilliers. Caillebotte's style belongs to the School of Realism, but was strongly influenced by his Impressionist associates. In common with his precursors Jean-François Millet and Gustave Courbet, as well his contemporary Degas, Caillebotte aimed to paint reality as it existed and as he saw it, hoping to reduce the inherent theatricality of painting. Perhaps because of his close relationship with so many of his peers, his style and technique vary considerably among his works, as if "borrowing" and experimenting, but not really sticking to any one style. At times, he seems very much in the Degas camp of rich-colored realism (especially his interior scenes); at other times, he shares the Impressionist commitment to "optical truth" and employs an impressionistic pastel-softness and loose brush strokes most similar to Renoir and Pissarro, although with a less vibrant palette.
The tilted ground common to these paintings is very characteristic of Caillebotte's work, which may have been strongly influenced by Japanese prints and the new technology of photography, although evidence of his use of photography is lacking. Cropping and "zooming-in", techniques that commonly are found in Caillebotte's oeuvre, also may be the result of his interest in photography, but may just as likely be derived from his intense interest in perspective effects. A large number of Caillebotte's works also employ a very high vantage point, including View of Rooftops (Snow) (Vue de toits (Effet de neige)) (1878), Boulevard Seen from Above (Boulevard vu d'en haut) (1880), and A Traffic Island (Un refuge, boulevard Haussmann) (1880).

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Paris street, Rainy Day

The Floor Scrapers (also known as The Floor Strippers)

The Floor Scrapers

A Balcony in Paris

The Floor Scrapers (study)

Paris, a Rainy Day

View of Roofs (Snow Effect) or Roofs under Snow

Farmer's House in Trouville

The Parquet Planers

Garten in Trouville

Pere Magloire on the Road to Saint-Clair, Etretat

Man on a Balcony, Boulevard Haussmann

Boulevard Haussmann in the Snow

Calf in a Butcher Shop

The Pont de Europe

The Man on the Balcony

Portait of Madame Martial Caillebote (the artist's mother)

Rib of Beef

The Pink villa at Trouville

A Balcony

The Floor Scrapers aka The Floor Strippers

The Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Boaters Rowing on the Yerres

Portrait of Paul Hugot

Caillebotte Gustave Femme Nue Etendue Sur Un Divan

The Park on the Caillebotte Property at Yerres

Man drying his leg

Laundry Drying, Petit Gennevilliers

Le Pont de L'Europe

Self-Portrait

Cliff at Villers sur Me

A Balcony

Landscape with Haystacks

The Harbour of Argentueil

Bathers on the Banks of the Yerres

Square in Argenteuil

The Yerres, Effect of Ligh

The Yerres, Rain

Rose Bush in Flower

Nasturtiums

The Garden at Petit Gennevilliers in Winter

Boulevard des Italiens

The Gardener

Anchored Boat on the Seine at Argenteuil

Perissoires sur l'Yerres aka Boating on the Yerres

Still Life with Oysters

The Wall of the Kitchen Garden, Yerres

The Yerres, Rain aka Riverbank in the Rain

Sailboats on the Seine at Argenteuil

Still Life

Chrysanthemums in a Vase

Fruit Displayed on a Stand

The Perpiniere Barracks 02

Self Portrait (fragment) aka Self Portrait Wearing a Summer Hat

Roof under the Snow, Paris

The Floor Scrapers aka The Floor Strippers

Villas at Trouville

Woman Sitting on a Red Flowered Sofa

Landscape with Railway Tracks

Camille Daurelle in the Park at Yerres

Angling

Interior of a Studio

Nasturtiums

The House Painters

Four Vases of Chrysanthemums

Hare

The Promenade at Argenteuil

Self-Portrait with an Easel

Rower in a Top Hat

Traffic Island on Boulevard Haussmann

Fruit Displayed on a Stand

Portrait of Madame X...

Self Portrait 01

Display of Chickens and Game Birds

The Piano Lesson

Nude on a Couch

Three Partridges on a Table

Luncheon

The Kitchen Garden, Yerres

Roses in the Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Vase of Gladiolas

Portrait of Madame Renoir

Landscape Study in Yellow and Rose

The Painter under His Parasol

Woman Sitting on a Red-Flowered Sofa 02

Portrait of a Man

Loaded Haycart

Boater Pulling on His Perissoire

In a Cafe

The Garden of Petit Gennevillers, the Pink Roofs

French, )

Man at His Bath

Place Saint Augustin, Misty Weather

Pont d'Argenteuil

Woman at a Dressing Table

The Parquet Planers

Horses in the Stable

Portraits in the Countryside

The Bezique Game

Interior, Woman at the Window

The Argenteuil Bridge

Billiards

Luncheon

The Artist's House at Yerres

View of the Sea from Villerville

Portrait of Camille Daurelle

The Floor Scrapers (study) 02

Game Birds And Lemons

Bust Portrait of Eugene Lamy

Garden Rose and Blue Forget Me Nots in a Vase

Rue Halevy, Balcony View

Boating Party

Rue Halevy, Seen from the Sixth Floor

Study for Le Pont de l'Europe

The Park Monceau

The Yellow Boat

Galic Cloves and Knife on the Corner of a Table

Perissoires aka The Canoes

Boat at Anchor on the Seine

Rising Road

The Argenteuil Bridge and the Seine

Portrait of Eugene Lamy

Woman Sitting on a Red Flowered Sofa

Regatta at Argenteuil

The Garden at Petit Gennevilliers in Winter

Boats on the Seine at Argenteuil

Perissoires aka The Canoes

Villas at Villers sur Mer

Clump of Chrysanthemums, Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Garlic Cloves and Knife on the Corner of a Table

Orchids

The Briard Plain

Fruit Displayed on a Stand

Harvest, Landscape with Five Haystacks

The Pont du Europe

The Canoes

Bather Preparing to Dive, Banks of the Yerres

Laundry Drying

The Gardeners

A Soldier

View Across a Balcony

Peaches, Nectarines and Apricots

Woman Seated on the Lawn

Le Pont de L'Europe

Paris street, Rainy Day

Portrait of Madame Martial Caillebotte

Man in a Smock aka Father Magloire on the Road between Saint-Clair and Etretat

Fishermen on the Banks of the Yerres

Portrait of Jules Dubois

Kitchen Garden, Petit Gennevilliers

Sailing Boats at Argenteuil

Promenade at Argenteuil

Still Life with Crayfish

Portrait of a Man Writing in His Study

Willow on the Banks of the Seine

Perissoires aka The Canoes

The Park at Yerres

Interior, Woman Reading

Garden at Yerres

Portrait of a Man 02

The Nap

Boulevard Seen from Above

Sunflowers in the Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Banks of the Yerres

The Garden

Rooftops Under Snow

Self Portrait with Easel -

Portrait of a Schoolboy

Willows by the Yerres

Peaches, Apples and Grapes on a Vine Leaf

Boating on the Yerres

The Plain at Gennevilliers, Group of Poplars

Landscape at Argenteuil

Self-Portrait

Paris street, Rainy Day

Sailing boats at Argenteuil

Meaux. Effect of Sunlight on the Old Chapterhouse

The Artist's House at Petit Gennevilliers

Meadow Bridge at Argenteuil

The Boulevard Viewed from Above

Melon and Fruit Bowl with Figs

Naked Woman Lying on a Couch

Boating Party

Richard Gallo and His Dog at Petit Gennevilliers

The Floor Scrapers aka The Floor Strippers

The Bather, or The Diver

White and Yellow Chrysanthemums

Le Clos des Abbesses

Boaters on the Yerres

Rose with Purple Iris, Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

The Pont du Europe

Landscape, Banks of the Yerres

Rooftops Under Snow

Sunflowers on the Banks of the Seine

Man on a Balcony

The Yellow Fields at Gennevilliers

Le Pont de l'Europe

Portrait of Jean Daurelle

The Bridge at Argenteuil

Self-Portrait with Pith Helmet

The Gardeners

Nasturtiums

Two Hanging Pheasants

scolls

Still Life with a Vase of Lilacs

The Pontoon at Argenteuil

Factories at Argenteuil

Woman Seated Beneath a Tree

Thatched Cottage, Trouville

self

The Floor Scrapers aka The Floor Strippers

The Europa bridge Sun

The Basin at Argenteuil

Seascape, Regatta at Villers

Norman Landscape

Rooftops Under Snow

Skiffs on the Yerres

Plain of Gennevilliers

les orangers

Orchard and avenue of trees

A Balcony, Boulevard Haussmann

nud coucs

Square in Paris, Snowy Weather

Bather Preparing to Dive, Banks of the Yerres

A Road in Naples

The Pont de Europe

Fields, Plain of Gennevilliers

Bather Preparing to Dive

The Oarsmen

View Across a Balcony (interior)

Park in the Snow

Billiards (unfinished)

By the Sea

A Young Man at His Window

The Man on the Balcony

The Wall of the Garden

Calf, Head and Ox Tongue

The Pont de Europe

bathers

rainystudy

Man at the Window

Pink Villas at Trouville

Paris street, Rainy Day

LES RABOTEURS DE PARQUET

Portrait of Madame Boissiere Knitting

View of the Sea at Trouville

Game of Bezique

Perissoires sur l'Yerres (also known as Boating on the Yerres)

Portait of Madame Martial Caillebote the artist's mother

self portrait

floor strippers

Portrait of a Man

Yerres, Path Through the Old Growth Woods in the Park

Self-Portrait in the Park at Yerres

The Kitchen Garden, Yerres

Yerres, Part of the South Facade of the 'Casin'

The sign painters Sun

The Gennevilliers Plain, Seen from the Slopes of Argenteuil

Yerres, on the Pond, Water Lilies

still life oysters

Landscape near Yerres (also known as View of the Yerres Valley and the Garden of the Artist's Family Property)

Bridge of Europe

Melon and Bowl of Figs Gustave Caillebotte

Villas at Trouville

Yerres, the Lawn in the Park, Seen from a Path

White and Yellow Chrysanthemums Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Yerres, Woods at la Grange, Path of the Great 'Ha-Ha'

Portrait of Henri Cordier

The Pont de Europe

Pheasants and Woodcocks on a Marble Table

Entrance to the garden at Petit Gennevilliers

The Pont du Europe

View of the Seine in the Direction of the Pont de Bezons

Yerres, Reddish Bay Horse in the Stable

Portrait of Jules Richemont

By the canal, near Naples

Chrysanthemums, Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Petit Gennevilliers, Facade, Southeast of the Artist's Studio, Overlooking the Garden, Spring

Garden

Interior

Clump of Chrysanthemums Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Interior (also known as View across the Balcony)

In the cafe Sun

Interior of a Studio with Stove

game birds and lemons

Paris Street: A Rainy Day (study)

Skiffs

Hors d'Oeuvre

hors d oeuvre

Woman Seated on the Grass (fragment)

L'Europe Le Pont

Winter Landscape

Yerres, Soldiers in the Woods

Sailboats in Argenteuil

Sailing boats at Argentueil Sun

Yerres, Dark Bay Horse in the Stable

The floor scrapers Sun

Thatched Cottage at Trouville

Yerres, Through the Grove, the Ornamental Farm

Yerres, the Aviary in the Ornamental Farm

The Man on the Balcony

The peddelers Sun

Young Man Playing the Piano

Perissoires sur l - Yerres aka Boating on the Yerres

Villas at Trouville

Sunflowers, Garden at Petit Gennevilliers

Yerres, Camille Daurelle under an Oak Tree

The Sea at Villerville

In a Cafe

The Pont de Europe (study) (also known as Port de l'Europe)

Yerres, Colonnade of the 'Casin'

Sailing Boats on the Seine at Argenteuil

Portrait of a Young Woman in an Interior (also known as Portrait of Madame H)

Boats on the Seine Sun

The bridge of Argentueil Sun

Paris place de l Europe

Fishing

Yerres, Close of the Abbesses

The Oarsmen

A Road Near Naples

Rooftops Under Snow

A Garden in Trouville

ESQUISSE POUR LE PONT DE L'EUROPE

Yerres, Path Through the Woods in the Park

Portrait of Henri Cordier

PERISSOIRES

The Petit Bras of the Seine

Field and Pont d'Argenteuil

Au café

norman landscape

AU CAFE

Le Nageur

HENRI CORDIER, PROFESSEUR A L'ECOLE DES LANGUES ORIENTALES

The Orange Trees

AUTOPORTRAIT

VOILIERS A ARGENTEUIL

A Young Man at His Window

untitled

TOITS SOUS LA NEIGE

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